# Introduction

Zend_Locale is the Frameworks answer to the question, "How can the same application be used around the whole world?" Most people will say, "That's easy. Let's translate all our output to several languages." However, using simple translation tables to map phrases from one language to another is not sufficient. Different regions will have different conventions for first names, surnames, salutory titles, formatting of numbers, dates, times, currencies, etc.

We need Localization and complementary Internationalization. Both are often abbreviated to L10n and I18n. Internationalization refers more to support for use of systems, regardless of special needs unique to groups of users related by language, region, number format conventions, financial conventions, time and date conventions, etc. Localization involves adding explicit support to systems for special needs of these unique groups, such as language translation, and support for local customs or conventions for communicating plurals, dates, times, currencies, names, symbols, sorting and ordering, etc. L10n and I18n compliment each other. Zend Framework provides support for these through a combination of components, including Zend_Locale, Zend_Date, Zend_Measure, Zend_Translate, Zend_Currency, and Zend_TimeSync.

Zend_Locale and setLocale()

PHP's documentation states that setlocale() is not threadsave because it is maintained per process and not per thread. This means that, in multithreaded environments, you can have the problem that the locale changes while the script never has changed the locale itself. This can lead to unexpected behaviour when you use setlocale() in your scripts.

When you are using Zend_Locale you will not have this limitations, because Zend_Locale is not related to or coupled with PHP's setlocale().

## What is Localization

Localization means that an application (or homepage) can be used from different users which speak different languages. But as you already have expected Localization means more than only translating strings. It includes

- Zend_Locale - Backend support of locales available for localization support within other Zend Framework components.

- Zend_Translate - Translating of strings.

- Zend_Date - Localization of dates, times.

- Zend_Calendar - Localization of calendars (support for non-Gregorian calendar systems)

- Zend_Currency - Localization of currencies.

- Zend_Locale_Format - Parsing and generating localized numbers.

- Zend_Locale_Data - Retrieve localized standard strings as country names, language names and more from the CLDR.

## What is a Locale?

Each computer user makes use of Locales, even when they don't know it. Applications lacking localization support, normally have implicit support for one particular locale (the locale of the author). When a class or function makes use of localization, we say it is locale-aware. How does the code know which localization the user is expecting?

A locale string or object identifying a supported locale gives Zend_Locale and its subclasses access to information about the language and region expected by the user. Correct formatting, normalization, and conversions are made based on this information.

## How are Locales Represented?

Locale identifiers consist of information about the user's language and preferred/primary geographic region (e.g. state or province of home or workplace). The locale identifier strings used in Zend Framework are internationally defined standard abbreviations of language and region, written as language_REGION. Both the language and region parts are abbreviated to alphabetic, ASCII characters.

Be aware that there exist not only locales with 2 characters as most people think. Also there are languages and regions which are not only abbreviated with 2 characters. Therefor you should NOT strip the region and language yourself, but use Zend_Locale when you want to strip language or region from a locale string. Otherwise you could have unexpected behaviour within your code when you do this yourself.

A user from USA would expect the language English and the region `USA`, yielding the locale identifier "en_US". A user in Germany would expect the language German and the region Germany, yielding the locale identifier "de_DE". See the list of pre-defined locale and region combinations, if you need to select a specific locale within Zend Framework.

Choosing a specific locale

    $locale = new Zend_Locale('de_DE'); // German language _ Germany

A German user in America might expect the language German and the region `USA`, but these non-standard mixes are not supported directly as recognized "locales". Instead, if an invalid combination is used, then it will automatically be truncated by dropping the region code. For example, "de_IS" would be truncated to "de", and "xh_RU" would be truncated to "xh", because neither of these combinations are valid. Additionally, if the base language code is not supported (e.g. "zz_US") or does not exist, then a default "root" locale will be used. The "root" locale has default definitions for internationally recognized representations of dates, times, numbers, currencies, etc. The truncation process depends on the requested information, since some combinations of language and region might be valid for one type of data (e.g. dates), but not for another (e.g. currency format).

Beware of historical changes, as Zend Framework components do not know about or attempt to track the numerous timezone changes made over many years by many regions. For example, we can see a historical list showing dozens of changes made by governments to when and if a particular region observes Daylight Savings Time, and even which timezone a particular geographic area belongs. Thus, when performing date math, the math performed by Zend Framework components will not adjust for these changes, but instead will give the correct time for the timezone using current, modern rules for DST and timezone assignment for geographic regions.

## Selecting the Right Locale

For most situations, `new Zend_Locale()` will automatically select the correct locale, with preference given to information provided by the user's web browser. However, if `new Zend_Locale(Zend_Locale::ENVIRONMENT)` is used, then preference will be given to using the host server's environment configuration, as described below.

Automatically selecting a locale

    $locale  = new Zend_Locale();

    // default behavior, same as above
    $locale1 = new Zend_Locale(Zend_Locale::BROWSER);

    // prefer settings on host server
    $locale2 = new Zend_Locale(Zend_Locale::ENVIRONMENT);

    // perfer framework app default settings
    $locale3 = new Zend_Locale(Zend_Locale::FRAMEWORK);

The search algorithm used by Zend_Locale for automatic selection of a locale uses three sources of information:

1. const `Zend_Locale::BROWSER` - The user's Web browser provides information with each request, which is published by PHP in the global variable `$_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE']`. if no matching locale can be found, then preference is given to `ENVIRONMENT` and lastly `FRAMEWORK`.

2. const `Zend_Locale::ENVIRONMENT` - PHP publishes the host server's locale via the PHP internal function setlocale(). If no matching locale can be found, then preference is given to `FRAMEWORK` and lastly `BROWSER`.

3. const `Zend_Locale::FRAMEWORK` - When Zend Framework has a standardized way of specifying component defaults (planned, but not yet available), then using this constant during instantiation will give preference to choosing a locale based on these defaults. If no matching locale can be found, then preference is given to `ENVIRONMENT` and lastly `BROWSER`.

## Usage of automatic Locales

Zend_Locale provides three additional locales. These locales do not belong to any language or region. They are "automatic" locales which means that they have the same effect as the method getDefault() but without the negative effects like creating an instance. These "automatic" locales can be used anywhere, where also a standard locale and also the definition of a locale, its string representation, can be used. This offers simplicity for situations like working with locales which are provided by a browser.

There are three locales which have a slightly different behaviour:

1. 'browser' - Zend_Locale should work with the information which is provided by the user's Web browser. It is published by PHP in the global variable `$_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE']`.

   If a user provides more than one locale within his browser, Zend_Locale will use the first found locale. If the user does not provide a locale or the script is being called from the command line the automatic locale 'environment' will automatically be used and returned.

2. 'environment' - Zend_Locale should work with the information which is provided by the host server. It is published by PHP via the internal function setlocale().

   If a environment provides more than one locale, Zend_Locale will use the first found locale. If the host does not provide a locale the automatic locale 'browser' will automatically be used and returned.

3. 'auto' - Zend_Locale should automatically detect any locale which can be worked with. It will first search for a users locale and then, if not successful, search for the host locale.

   If no locale can be detected, it will throw an exception and tell you that the automatic detection has been failed.

Using automatic locales

    // without automatic detection
    //$locale = new Zend_Locale(Zend_Locale::BROWSER);
    //$date = new Zend_Date($locale);

    // with automatic detection
    $date = new Zend_Date('auto');

## Using a default Locale

In some environments it is not possible to detect a locale automatically. You can expect this behaviour when you get an request from command line or the requesting browser has no language tag set and additionally your server has the default locale 'C' set or another proprietary locale.

In such cases Zend_Locale will normally throw an exception with a message that the automatic detection of any locale was not successful. You have two options to handle such a situation. Either through setting a new locale per hand, or defining a default locale.

Handling locale exceptions

    // within the bootstrap file
    try {
        $locale = new Zend_Locale('auto');
    } catch (Zend_Locale_Exception $e) {
        $locale = new Zend_Locale('de');
    }

    // within your model/controller
    $date = new Zend_Date($locale);

But this has one big negative effect. You will have to set your locale object within every class using Zend_Locale. This could become very unhandy if you are using multiple classes.

Since Zend Framework Release 1.5 there is a much better way to handle this. You can set a default locale which the static setDefault() method. Of course, every unknown or not fully qualified locale will also throw an exception. setDefault() should be the first call before you initiate any class using Zend_Locale. See the following example for details:

Setting a default locale

    // within the bootstrap file
    Zend_Locale::setDefault('de');

    // within your model/controller
    $date = new Zend_Date();

In the case that no locale can be detected, automatically the locale de will be used. Otherwise, the detected locale will be used.

## ZF Locale-Aware Classes

In the Zend Framework, locale-aware classes rely on Zend_Locale to automatically select a locale, as explained above. For example, in a Zend Framework web application, constructing a date using Zend_Date without specifying a locale results in an object with a locale based on information provided by the current user's web browser.

Dates default to correct locale of web users

    $date = new Zend_Date('2006',Zend_Date::YEAR);

To override this default behavior, and force locale-aware Zend Framework components to use specific locales, regardless of the origin of your website visitors, explicitly specify a locale as the third argument to the constructor.

Overriding default locale selection

    $usLocale = new Zend_Locale('en_US');
    $date = new Zend_Date('2006', Zend_Date::YEAR, $usLocale);
    $temp = new Zend_Measure_Temperature('100,10',
                                         Zend_Measure::TEMPERATURE,
                                         $usLocale);

If you know many objects should all use the same default locale, explicitly specify the default locale to avoid the overhead of each object determining the default locale.

Performance optimization when using a default locale

    $locale = new Zend_Locale();
    $date = new Zend_Date('2006', Zend_Date::YEAR, $locale);
    $temp = new Zend_Measure_Temperature('100,10',
                                         Zend_Measure::TEMPERATURE,
                                         $locale);

## Application wide locale

Zend Framework allows the usage of an application wide locale. You simply set an instance of Zend_Locale to the registry with the key 'Zend_Locale'. Then this instance will be used within all locale aware classes of Zend Framework. This way you set one locale within your registry and then you can forget about setting it again. It will automatically be used in all other classes. See the below example for the right usage:

Usage of an application wide locale

    // within your bootstrap
    $locale = new Zend_Locale('de_AT');
    Zend_Registry::set('Zend_Locale', $locale);

    // within your model or controller
    $date = new Zend_Date();
    // print $date->getLocale();
    echo $date->getDate();

## Zend_Locale_Format::setOptions(array $options)

The 'precision' option of a value is used to truncate or stretch extra digits. A value of '-1' disables modification of the number of digits in the fractional part of the value. The 'locale' option helps when parsing numbers and dates using separators and month names. The date format 'format_type' option selects between CLDR/ISO date format specifier tokens and PHP's date() tokens. The 'fix_date' option enables or disables heuristics that attempt to correct invalid dates. The 'number_format' option specifies a default number format for use with toNumber() (see this section).

The 'date_format' option can be used to specify a default date format string, but beware of using getDate(), checkdateFormat() and getTime() after using setOptions() with a 'date_format'. To use these four methods with the default date format for a locale, use array('date_format' => null, 'locale' => $locale) for their options.

Dates default to correct locale of web users

    Zend_Locale_Format::setOptions(array('locale' => 'en_US',
                                         'fix_date' => true,
                                         'format_type' => 'php'));

For working with the standard definitions of a locale the option `Zend_Locale_Format::STANDARD` can be used. Setting the option `Zend_Locale_Format::STANDARD` for date_format uses the standard definitions from the actual set locale. Setting it for number_format uses the standard number format for this locale. And setting it for locale uses the standard locale for this environment or browser.

Using STANDARD definitions for setOptions()

    Zend_Locale_Format::setOptions(array('locale' => 'en_US',
                                         'date_format' => 'dd.MMMM.YYYY'));
    // overriding the global set date format
    $date = Zend_Locale_Format::getDate('2007-04-20',
                                        array('date_format' =>
                                                  Zend_Locale_Format::STANDARD);

    // global setting of the standard locale
    Zend_Locale_Format::setOptions(array('locale' => Zend_Locale_Format::STANDARD,
                                         'date_format' => 'dd.MMMM.YYYY'));

## Speed up Zend_Locale and its subclasses

Zend_Locale and its subclasses can be speeded up by the usage of Zend_Cache. Use the static method Zend_Locale::setCache($cache) if you are using Zend_Locale. Zend_Locale_Format can be speeded up the using the option cache within Zend_Locale_Format::setOptions(array('cache' => $adapter));. If you are using both classes you should only set the cache for Zend_Locale, otherwise the last set cache will overwrite the previous set cache. For convenience there are also the static methods getCache(), hasCache(), clearCache() and removeCache().

When no cache is set, then Zend_Locale will automatically set a cache itself. Sometimes it is wished to prevent that a cache is set, even if this degrades performance. In this case the static disableCache(true) method should be used. It does not only disable the actual set cache, without erasing it, but also prevents that a cache is automatically generated when no cache is set.